11/10/2023 0 Comments Define peregrinIn theory at least, Roman citizens could not be tortured and could insist on being tried by a full hearing of the governor's assize court i.e. ![]() Peregrini were subject to de plano (summary) justice, including execution, at the discretion of the legatus Augusti (provincial governor). In the sphere of criminal law, there was no law to prevent the torture of peregrini during official interrogations. But the ius gentium did not confer many of the rights and protections of the ius civile ("law of citizens" i.e. Peregrini were accorded only the basic rights of the ius gentium ("law of peoples"), a sort of international law derived from the commercial law developed by Greek city-states, that was used by the Romans to regulate relations between citizens and non-citizens. This was just 9% of a total imperial population generally estimated at c. In the empire as a whole, we know there were just over 6 million Roman citizens in AD 47, the last quinquennial Roman census return extant. AD 100 at about 50,000, less than 3% of the total provincial population of c. For example, one estimate puts Roman citizens in Britain c. In frontier provinces, the proportion of citizens would have been far smaller. This could explain the closer similarity of the lexicon of the Iberian, Italian and Occitan languages as compared to French and other oïl languages. Outside Italy, those provinces with the most intensive Roman colonisation over the approximately two centuries of Roman rule probably had a Roman citizen majority by the end of Augustus' reign: Gallia Narbonensis (southern France), Hispania Baetica (Andalusia, Spain) and Africa proconsularis (Tunisia). ![]() By 49 BC, all Italians were Roman citizens. ![]() In the 1st and 2nd centuries, the vast majority (80–90%) of the empire's inhabitants were peregrini. Technically, this remained the case during the Imperial era, but in practice the term became limited to subjects of the Empire, with inhabitants of regions outside the Empire's borders denoted barbari ( barbarians). The Latin peregrinus "foreigner, one from abroad" is related to the Latin adverb peregre "abroad", composed of per- "through" and an assimilated form of ager "field, country", i.e., "over the lands" the -e ( ) is an adverbial suffix.ĭuring the Roman Republic, the term peregrinus simply denoted any person who did not hold Roman citizenship, full or partial, whether that person was under Roman rule or not. In AD 212, all free inhabitants of the Empire were granted citizenship by the Constitutio Antoniniana, with the exception of the dediticii, people who had become subject to Rome through surrender in war, and freed slaves. Peregrini constituted the vast majority of the Empire's inhabitants in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. ![]() In the early Roman Empire, from 30 BC to AD 212, a peregrinus ( Latin: ) was a free provincial subject of the Empire who was not a Roman citizen.
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